Self-Control: Race, Gender, and Social Science, 1950–today Research Project | 1 Project Members One marshmallow now, or two if you wait: this is the choice young study participants face in the marshmallow test, the definitive procedure for assessing self-control. Children are given a treat and asked not to eat it; as a reward, they are promised a second-and life-long success. According to behavioral and cognitive science, a child’s ability to control desires and emotions is one of the most reliable predictors of doing well in school and later life. Helping children from marginalized communities to improve self-regulatory capacity is understood to alleviate educational disadvantage and reduce social and racial inequality.“Self-Control: Race, Gender, and Social Science, 1950-today” adopts a science historical perspective to probe the promises of self-control: for another treat, for a better life, and for social justice. The first sustained history of one of the most-studied topics in recent social science, it demonstrates how constructions of self-control have been used to explain and address social and racial inequality and gendered differences. The project recovers the social life of mass-produced candy-the main tool used in self-control experiments-to show how social and political aspects were embedded in the technologies of knowledge production. It demonstrates how the category of self-control was used to construct race in mental and behavioral terms after 1945, when non-intellective factors emerged as a key idiom for accounting for group differences. And it revises analyses of gender and self-control, which have centered on men, by demonstrating how self-control was linked to women’s character and maternal responsibilities.A team of three-PI, Postdoc, PhD student-will historicize self-control experiments and longitudinal and cross-cultural studies, working with archival records in the Caribbean, United States, Latin America and beyond. The project will also make accessible and preserve a prominent, unprocessed collection of born-digital laboratory records at Columbia University (New York City). These born-digital materials are vital to the history of psychology and have broader, methodological relevance for historical scholarship as well as archival science.Ultimately, by telling the history of self-control, race, and gender, I will put self-control on the agenda of historians of the human and social sciences and re-evaluate existing interpretations of the concept. I will facilitate a new, sociotechnical approach to experimentation, and will open up the question of how social, environmental categories of nurture have been used to reify group differences. Beyond the field of history of science, I will establish the relevance of historical perspectives to transdisciplinary, metascientific debates about the social, political, and ethical dimensions of human and social science research in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Above all, this history of the science of self-control will provide a starting point for multidisciplinary investigations into the social and political dimensions of social and emotional capacities.