Genealogical Diagrams in an Urban Society
Research Project | 3 Project Members
Das Projekt ist Bestandteil des Sinergia-Projekts «In the Shadow of the Tree. Diagrammatics of Relatedness as Scientific, Scholarly, and Popular Practice» (Prof. M. Sommer, Luzern, Leading house; Prof. C. Arni, Basel; Prof. S. Müller-Wille, Exeter/Lübeck; Prof. S. Teuscher, Zürich). Die Analyse von Genomen hat in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten eine schnelle und umfassende Bestimmung der Abstammung und der Verwandtschaft zwischen Organismen, einschliesslich des Menschen, ermöglicht. Solche "Verwandtschaften" werden gerne in der Form von Baumdiagrammen wiedergegeben. Diese heute geläufige Darstellung hat eine lange kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Tradition. Sie war aber bei weitem nie der einzige Versuch, Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zu visualisieren. Vielmehr wurde vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart in Bereichen von Recht, Religion, Genealogie, Naturgeschichte, Biologie, Anthropologie, Psychiatrie bis Genetik und Eugenik mit linearen Anordnungen, Kreisen, Kegeln, Karten oder Netzwerken experimentiert. Die Forschungsgruppe untersucht vergleichend Verwandtschaftsdiagramme aus verschiedenen Zeiträumen und Kontexten. Im Zentrum stehen Fragen nach der Herstellung, der Konzeption und dem Gebrauch von Diagrammen: Wie werden Daten gesammelt, vermessen, verrechnet, angeordnet? Welche Hypothesen, Theorien und Technologien liegen einem Diagramm zugrunde? Und wie werden Diagramme genutzt - in der Wissensproduktion, aber auch im Sozialen, in Kultur und Politik? Verwandtschaftsdiagramme wurden - und werden - in äusserst verschiedenartigen Bereichen entwickelt und eingesetzt. Um diese Vielfalt erfassen zu können, entwickeln die Forscher eine interdisziplinäre Diagrammatik. Dazu werden Diagramme als hybride Gebilde aus Denken und Handeln, aus Bild und Schrift aufgefasst. Group 3 (Caroline Arni): Genealogical Diagrams in an Urban Society, 19th and early 20th Cen. Group 3 applies the diagrammatic approach to relatedness by examining different kinds of genealogical reconstruction performed within the same social context. Recent research has argued that the shaping of modern concepts of collective entities such as families, national and communal communities, or species has been driven by global exchange and political ruptures: Experiences of diversity and discontinuity, it is argued, generated a need for conceiving continuity through change (f.e. Parnes et al. 2008; Müller-Wille & Rheinberger 2012; Engelstein 2017). While this argument is solidly founded in a historical epistemology that pays attention to contexts of production, it also calls for a methodological expansion with regard to a social-historical approach. The city of Basel in the modern period provides a particularly pertinent case for answering that call. It confronts us with an urban society defined by the global activity of trading houses and industrial entrepreneurship, by a conflict-laden and protracted path to democratization, and by a high influx of migrant workers who came from neighboring cantons as well as from the German and French areas and who constituted a highly mobile and diverse population. Within this society, there existed a great concern for the conceptualization of relations in terms of descent that left its traces in a rich body of archival material. That Basel was also the place where in 1861, J. J. Bachofen made the claim that the very patrilineal order represented in the family trees of his contemporaries was a central pillar of human progress, which he conceived of as a departure from the primordial matrilineal societies, and where in 1874, F. Nietzsche derided the longing for the undisturbed continuity of familial and urban community might just be the kind of arbitrary coincidence history yields. But it certainly adds to the allure of Basel as an exemplary site for exploring how practices of conceiving, determining, and representing relatedness in terms of descent were integral to a specific social and political situation, its history and development. The group examines two sites of such practices: the bourgeois family and the psychiatric institution. They provide material for a diagrammatic approach to how genealogy was practiced in a familial and a scientific context respectively (for the upsurge in genealogical research in diverse areas in this time period, see Gausemeier 2008; for the scientific and cultural use of genealogy in Switzerland, see Germann 2016, 183-221). The two projects' shared framework renders possible the comparison of how these parallel practices of genealogy dealt with and formed a specific historical situation.