Dr. Thomas Götschi

Roth, Jakob, Schwab, Laura, Hintermann, Beat, Götschi, Thomas, Meister, Adrian, Meyer de Freitas, Lucas, & Axhausen, Kay W. (2026). Pricing Cars Off the Road: E-bike Substitution and Welfare Gains from Transport Pricing. In CEPR Discussion Paper. https://cepr.org/publications/dp21954

Hintermann, Beat, Schoeman, Beaumont, Molloy, Joseph, Götschi, Thomas, Castro, Alberto, Tchervenkov, Christopher, Tomic, Uros, & Axhausen, Kay W. (2026). Pigovian Transport Pricing in Practice. Review of Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdag051

Roth, Jakob, Schwab, Laura, Hintermann, Beat, Götschi, Thomas, Meister, Adrian, Meyer de Freitas, Lucas, & Axhausen, Kay W. (2025). Transport Pricing to Promote E-biking and Reduce Externalities: Insights from a GPS-Tracked Experiment. In WWZ Workingpapers, Faculty of Business and Economics (ed.), WWZ Working Papers (Vol. 2025). University of Basel, Faculty of Business and Economics.

Molloy, Joseph, Castro, Alberto, Götschi, Thomas, Schoeman, Beaumont, Tchervenkov, Christopher, Tomic, Uros, Hintermann, Beat, & Axhausen, Kay W. (2024). Correction to: The MOBIS dataset: a large GPS dataset of mobility behaviour in Switzerland (Transportation, (2023), 50, 5, (1983-2007), 10.1007/s11116-022-10299-4). Transportation, 51(3), 1167–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-022-10336-2

Heinonen, Sanelma, de Freitas, Lucas Meyer, Meister, Adrian, Schwab, Laura, Roth, Jakob, Hintermann, Beat, Götschi, Thomas, & Axhausen, Kay. (2024). The e-biking in Switzerland (EBIS) study: methods and dataset [Journal-article]. Transportation, online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-024-10552-y

Kahlmeier, Sonja, Cavill, Nick, Thondoo, Meelan, Rutter, Harry, de Sa, Thiago Herick, Racioppi, Francesca, & Gotschi, Thomas. (2023). The Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling - experiences from 10 years of application of a health impact assessment tool in policy and practice. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1146761

Molloy, Joseph, Castro, Alberto, Götschi, Thomas, Schoeman, Thomas, Tchervenkov, Christopher, Tomic, Uros, Hintermann, Beat, & Axhausen, Kay W. (2023). The MOBIS dataset: a large GPS dataset of mobility behaviour in Switzerland. Transportation, 50, 1983–2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-022-10299-4

Yang, Xiuleng, Orjuela, Juan Pablo, McCoy, Emma, Vich, Guillem, Anaya-Boig, Esther, Avila-Palencia, Ione, Brand, Christian, Carrasco-Turigas, Glòria, Dons, Evi, Gerike, Regine, Götschi, Thomas, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Panis, Luc Int, Standaert, Arnout, & de Nazelle, Audrey. (2022). The impact of black carbon (BC) on mode-specific galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress in urban environments. Environmental Research, 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114083

Goel, Rahul, Goodman, Anna, Aldred, Rachel, Nakamura, Ryota, Tatah, Lambed, Garcia, Leandro Martin Totaro, Zapata-Diomedi, Belen, de Sa, Thiago Herick, Tiwari, Geetam, de Nazelle, Audrey, Tainio, Marko, Buehler, Ralph, Götschi, Thomas, & Woodcock, James. (2022). Cycling behaviour in 17 countries across 6 continents: levels of cycling, who cycles, for what purpose, and how far? Transport Reviews, 42(1), 58–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1915898

Heinen, Eva, & Götschi, Thomas. (2022). Cycling: Past, current and future. In Advances in Transport Policy and Planning (Vol. 10, pp. 1–6). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2022.04.001

Ngo, Nicole S., Götschi, Thomas, & Clark, Benjamin Y. (2021). The effects of ride-hailing services on bus ridership in a medium-sized urban area using micro-level data: Evidence from the Lane Transit District. Transport Policy, 105, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.02.012

Smith, R., Thomas, C., Squires, H., Götschi, T., Kahlmeier, S., & Goyder, E. (2021). The price of precision: trade-offs between usability and validity in the World Health Organization Health Economic Assessment Tool for walking and cycling. Public Health, 194, 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.03.016

Brand, Christian, Dons, Evi, Anaya-Boig, Esther, Avila-Palencia, Ione, Clark, Anna, de Nazelle, Audrey, Gascon, Mireia, Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin, Gerike, Regine, Götschi, Thomas, Iacorossi, Francesco, Kahlmeier, Sonja, Laeremans, Michelle, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Pablo Orjuela, Juan, Racioppi, Francesca, Raser, Elisabeth, Rojas-Rueda, David, Standaert, Arnout, et al. (2021). The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764

Brand, Christian, Götschi, Thomas, Dons, Evi, Gerike, Regine, Anaya-Boig, Esther, Avila-Palencia, Ione, de Nazelle, Audrey, Gascon, Mireia, Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin, Iacorossi, Francesco, Kahlmeier, Sonja, Int Panis, Luc, Racioppi, Francesca, Rojas-Rueda, David, Standaert, Arnout, Stigell, Erik, Sulikova, Simona, Wegener, Sandra, & Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. (2021). The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities. Global Environmental Change, 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224

Gascon, Mireia, Marquet, Oriol, Gràcia-Lavedan, Esther, Ambròs, Albert, Götschi, Thomas, Nazelle, Audrey de, Panis, Luc Int, Gerike, Regine, Brand, Christian, Dons, Evi, Eriksson, Ulf, Iacorossi, Francesco, Ávila-Palència, Ione, Cole-Hunter, Tom, & Nieuwenhuisjen, Mark J. (2020). What explains public transport use? Evidence from seven European cities. Transport Policy, 99, 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.009

Götschi, Thomas, Kahlmeier, Sonja, Castro, Alberto, Brand, Christian, Cavill, Nick, Kelly, Paul, Lieb, Christoph, Rojas-Rueda, David, Woodcock, James, & Racioppi, Francesca. (2020). Integrated impact assessment of active travel: Expanding the scope of the health economic assessment tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207361

Branion-Calles, Michael, Götschi, Thomas, Nelson, Trisalyn, Anaya-Boig, Esther, Avila-Palencia, Ione, Castro, Alberto, Cole-Hunter, Tom, de Nazelle, Audrey, Dons, Evi, Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin, Gerike, Regine, Int Panis, Luc, Kahlmeier, Sonja, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Rojas-Rueda, David, & Winters, Meghan. (2020). Cyclist crash rates and risk factors in a prospective cohort in seven European cities. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105540

Castro, Alberto, Götschi, Thomas, Achermann, Beat, Baltensperger, Urs, Buchmann, Brigitte, Felber Dietrich, Denise, Flückiger, Alexandre, Geiser, Marianne, Gälli Purghart, Brigitte, Gygax, Hans, Kutlar Joss, Meltem, Lüthi, Lara Milena, Probst-Hensch, Nicole, Strähl, Peter, & Künzli, Nino. (2020). Comparing the lung cancer burden of ambient particulate matter using scenarios of air quality standards versus acceptable risk levels. International Journal of Public Health, 65(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01324-y

Kahlmeier, Sonja, Racioppi, Francesca, Götschi, Thomas, Castro, Alberto, & Cavill, Nick. (2020). The WHO health economic assessment tool for walking and cycling: How to quantify impacts of active mobility. In Advances in Transportation and Health: Tools, Technologies, Policies, and Developments (pp. 329–342). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819136-1.00015-2

Branion-Calles, M., Winters, M., Nelson, T., de Nazelle, A., Panis, L. I., Avila-Palencia, I., Anaya-Boig, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., Dons, E., & Götschi, T. (2019). Impacts of study design on sample size, participation bias, and outcome measurement: A case study from bicycling research. Journal of Transport and Health, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100651

Gascon, M., Götschi, T., de Nazelle, A., Gracia, E., Ambròs, A., Márquez, S., Marquet, O., Avila-Palencia, I., Brand, C., Iacorossi, F., Raser, E., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Dons, E., Laeremans, M., Kahlmeier, S., Sánchez, J., Gerike, R., Anaya-Boig, E., Panis, L. I., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2019). Correlates of walking for travel in seven European cities: The PASTA project. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(9). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp4603

Avila-Palencia, I., Laeremans, M., Hoffmann, B., Anaya-Boig, E., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Cole-Hunter, T., de Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Götschi, T., Int Panis, L., Orjuela, J. P., Standaert, A., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2019). Effects of physical activity and air pollution on blood pressure. Environmental Research, 173, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.032

Castro, A., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Dons, E., Standaert, A., Laeremans, M., Clark, A., Anaya-Boig, E., Cole-Hunter, T., Avila-Palencia, I., Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Gerike, R., Panis, L. I., de Nazelle, A., Brand, C., Raser, E., Kahlmeier, S., & Götschi, T. (2019). Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017

Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Raser, E., Anaya-Boig, E., Avila-Palencia, I., De Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Franzen, H., Gerike, R., Götschi, T., Iacorossi, F., Hössinger, R., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Rojas-Rueda, D., Sanchez, J., Smeds, E., Deforth, M., Standaert, A., Stigell, E., Cole-Hunter, T., & Panis, L. I. (2019). Evaluation of different recruitment methods: Longitudinal, web-based, pan-european physical activity through sustainable transport approaches (PASTA) project. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/11492

Koszowski, C., Gerike, R., Hubrich, S., Götschi, T., Pohle, M., & Wittwer, R. (2019). Active Mobility: Bringing Together Transport Planning, Urban Planning, and Public Health (pp. 149–171). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99756-8_11

Avila-Palencia, I., Int Panis, L., Dons, E., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Raser, E., Götschi, T., Gerike, R., Brand, C., de Nazelle, A., Orjuela, J. P., Anaya-Boig, E., Stigell, E., Kahlmeier, S., Iacorossi, F., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2018). The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Environment International, 120, 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002

Dons, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., Anaya-Boig, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Brand, C., Cole-Hunter, T., de Nazelle, A., Eriksson, U., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Gerike, R., Kahlmeier, S., Laeremans, M., Mueller, N., Nawrot, T., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Orjuela, J. P., Racioppi, F., Raser, E., Standaert, A., et al. (2018). Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study. Environment International, 119, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023

Raser, E., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Dons, E., Anaya-Boig, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Brand, C., Castro, A., Clark, A., Eriksson, U., Götschi, T., Int Panis, L., Kahlmeier, S., Laeremans, M., Mueller, N., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Orjuela, J. P., Rojas-Rueda, D., Standaert, A., Stigell, E., & Gerike, R. (2018). European cyclists’ travel behavior: Differences and similarities between seven European (PASTA) cities. Journal of Transport and Health, 9, 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.02.006

Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Salmon, M., Martinez, D., Ambros, A., Brand, C., de Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Gerike, R., Götschi, T., Iacorossi, F., Int Panis, L., Kahlmeier, S., Raser, E., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2018). Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities. Preventive Medicine, 109, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.011

Dons, E., Laeremans, M., Anaya-Boig, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Brand, C., de Nazelle, A., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Götschi, T., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Orjuela, J. P., Raser, E., Standaert, A., & Panis, L. I. (2018). Concern over health effects of air pollution is associated to NO 2 in seven european cities. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 11(5), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0567-3

Götschi, T., Castro, A., Deforth, M., Miranda-Moreno, L., & Zangenehpour, S. (2018). Towards a comprehensive safety evaluation of cycling infrastructure including objective and subjective measures. Journal of Transport and Health, 8, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.12.003

Götschi, T., de Nazelle, A., Brand, C., Gerike, R., Alasya, B., Anaya, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Banister, D., Bartana, I., Benvenuti, F., Boschetti, F., Buekers, J., Carniel, L., Carrasco Turigas, G., Castro, A., Cianfano, M., Clark, A., Cole-Hunter, T., Copley, V., et al. (2017). Towards a Comprehensive Conceptual Framework of Active Travel Behavior: a Review and Synthesis of Published Frameworks. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4(3), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0149-9

Winters, M., Buehler, R., & Götschi, T. (2017). Policies to Promote Active Travel: Evidence from Reviews of the Literature. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4(3), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0148-x

Laeremans, M., Dons, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Orjuela, J. P., Anaya, E., Brand, C., Cole-Hunter, T., De Nazelle, A., Götschi, T., Kahlmeier, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Standaert, A., De Boever, P., & Int Panis, L. (2017). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in daily life: A comparative analysis of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the SenseWear armband. PLOS One, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177765

Götschi, T., & Hadden Loh, T. (2017). Advancing project-scale health impact modeling for active transportation: A user survey and health impact calculation of 14 US trails. Journal of Transport and Health, 4, 334–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.01.005

Dons, E., Laeremans, M., Orjuela, J. P., Avila-Palencia, I., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Cole-Hunter, T., Anaya-Boig, E., Standaert, A., De Boever, P., Nawrot, T., Götschi, T., De Nazelle, A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Int Panis, L. (2017). Wearable Sensors for Personal Monitoring and Estimation of Inhaled Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Evaluation of Methods. Environmental Science and Technology, 51(3), 1859–1867. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05782

Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Gerike, R., & Götschi, T. (2017). Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Transport Reviews, 37(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1177799

Castro, Alberto, Künzli, Nino, & Götschi, Thomas. (2017). Health benefits of a reduction of PM10 and NO2 exposure after implementing a clean air plan in the Agglomeration Lausanne-Morges. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(5), 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.012

Tainio, M., de Nazelle, A. J., Götschi, T., Kahlmeier, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., de Sá, T. H., Kelly, P., & Woodcock, J. (2016). Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking? Preventive Medicine, 87, 233–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.002

Götschi, T., Garrard, J., & Giles-Corti, B. (2016). Cycling as a Part of Daily Life: A Review of Health Perspectives. Transport Reviews, 36(1), 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1057877

Gerike, R., De Nazelle, A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Panis, L. I., Anaya, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Boschetti, F., Brand, C., Cole-Hunter, T., Dons, E., Eriksson, U., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Kahlmeier, S., Laeremans, M., Mueller, N., Orjuela, J. P., Racioppi, F., Raser, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., et al. (2016). Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA): A study protocol for a multicentre project. BMJ Open, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009924

Dons, E., Götschi, T., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., De Nazelle, A., Anaya, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Brand, C., Cole-Hunter, T., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Kahlmeier, S., Laeremans, M., Mueller, N., Orjuela, J. P., Raser, E., Rojas-Rueda, D., Standaert, A., Stigell, E., Uhlmann, T., Gerike, R., & Int Panis, L. (2015). Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA): protocol for a multi-centre, longitudinal study Energy balance-related behaviours. BMC Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2453-3

Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Cole-Hunter, T., de Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Gerike, R., Götschi, T., Int Panis, L., Kahlmeier, S., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2015). Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 76, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010

Götschi, T., Tainio, M., Maizlish, N., Schwanen, T., Goodman, A., & Woodcock, J. (2015). Contrasts in active transport behaviour across four countries: How do they translate into public health benefits? Preventive Medicine, 74, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.02.009

Götschi, T., & Hintermann, B. (2014). Valuing Public Investments to Support Bicycling. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, 150(4), 297–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03399409

Kelly, P., Kahlmeier, S., Götschi, T., Orsini, N., Richards, J., Roberts, N., Scarborough, P., & Foster, C. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0132-x

Götschi, Thomas, & Hintermann, Beat. (2013). Valuation of public investment to support bicycling (FV-09). In WWZ Workingpapers Faculty of Business and Economics (ed.), WWZ Discussion Papers (Vol. 2013). WWZ.

Wanner, M., Götschi, T., Martin-Diener, E., Kahlmeier, S., & Martin, B. W. (2012). Active transport, physical activity, and body weight in adults a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(5), 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.030

Jacquemin, Bénédicte, Sunyer, Jordi, Forsberg, Bertil, Aguilera, Inmaculada, Briggs, David, García-Esteban, Raquel, Götschi, Thomas, Heinrich, Joachim, Järvholm, Bengt, Jarvis, Debbie, Vienneau, Danielle, & Künzli, Nino. (2009). Home outdoor NO2 and new onset of self-reported asthma in adults. Epidemiology, 20(1), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181886e76

Götschi, T., Sunyer, J., Chinn, S., De Marco, R., Forsberg, B., Gauderman, J. W., Garcia-Esteban, R., Heinrich, J., Jacquemin, B., Jarvis, D., Ponzio, M., Villani, S., & Künzli, N. (2008). Air pollution and lung function in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(6), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn136

Jacquemin, B., Sunyer, J., Forsberg, B., Aguilera, I., Briggs, D., Götschi, T., Heinrich, J., Torén, K., Vienneau, D., & Künzli, N. (2008). Association between annoyance and individuals’ values of nitrogen dioxide in a European setting. [Journal-article]. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 62(5), e12–e12. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.066340

Götschi, T., Heinrich, J., Sunyer, J., & Künzli, N. (2008). Long-term effects of ambient air pollution on lung function: A review. Epidemiology, 19(5), 690–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e318181650f

Bedada, G. B., Heinrich, J., Götschi, T., Downs, S. H., Forsberg, B., Jarvis, D., Luczynska, C., Soon, A., Sunyer, J., Toren, K., & Künzli, N. (2007). Urban background particulate matter and allergic sensitization in adults of ECRHS II. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210(6), 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.005

Rava, M., Verlato, G., Bono, R., Ponzio, M., Sartori, S., Blengio, G., Kuenzli, N., Heinrich, J., Götschi, T., & de Marco, R. (2007). A predictive model for the home outdoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Science of the Total Environment, 384(1-3), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.014

Jacquemin, B., Sunyer, J., Forsberg, B., Götschi, T., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., de Marco, R., Heinrich, J., Jarvis, D., Torén, K., & Künzli, N. (2007). Annoyance due to air pollution in Europe. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(4), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym042

Viana, M., Querol, X., Götschi, T., Alastuey, A., Sunyer, J., Forsberg, B., Heinrich, J., Norbäck, D., Payo, F., Maldonado, J.A., & Künzli, N. (2007). Source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 at five spanish centres of the european community respiratory health survey (ECRHS II). Atmospheric Environment, 41(7), 1395–1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.016

Künzli, N., Mudway, I. S., Götschi, T., Shi, T., Kelly, F. J., Cook, S., Burney, P., Forsberg, B., Gauderman, J. W., Hazenkamp, M. E., Heinrich, J., Jarvis, D., Norbäck, D., Payo-Losa, F., Poli, A., Sunyer, J., & Borm, P. J. A. (2006). Comparison of oxidative properties, light absorbance, and total and elemental mass concentration of ambient PM2.5 collected at 20 European sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(5), 684–690. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8584

Lai, H.K., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Colvile, R., Götschi, T., Jantunen, M.J., Künzli, N., Kulinskaya, E., Schweizer, C., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2006). Determinants of indoor air concentrations of PM2.5, black smoke and NO2 in six European cities (EXPOLIS study). Atmospheric Environment, 40(7), 1299–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.030

Götschi, T., Hazenkamp-Von Arx, M. E., Heinrich, J., Bono, R., Burney, P., Forsberg, B., Jarvis, D., Maldonado, J., Norbäck, D., Stern, W. B., Sunyer, J., Torén, K., Verlato, G., Villani, S., & Künzli, N. (2005). Elemental composition and reflectance of ambient fine particles at 21 European locations. Atmospheric Environment, 39(32), 5947–5958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.049

Hazenkamp-Von Arx, M. E., Götschi, T., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Bono, R., Burney, P., Cyrys, J., Jarvis, D., Lillienberg, L., Luczynska, C., Maldonado, J. A., Jaén, A., De Marco, R., Mi, Y., Modig, L., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Payo, F., Soon, A., Sunyer, J., Villani, S., et al. (2004). PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: Annual means and seasonal differences. Atmospheric Environment, 38(13), 1943–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

Künzli, N., Mazzoletti, P., Adam, M., Götschi, T., Mathys, P., Monn, C., & Brändli, O. (2003). Smoke-free cafe in an unregulated European city: Highly welcomed and economically successful. Tobacco Control, 12(3), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.3.282

Gotschi, T., Oglesby, L., Mathys, P., Monn, C., Manalis, N., Koistinen, K., Jantunen, M., Hanninen, O., Polanska, L., & Kunzli, N. (2002). Comparison of black smoke and PM2.5 levels in indoor and outdoor environments of four European cities. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(6), 1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010079n