Impact of Respiratory Load and Volume Status on Venous Congestion Assessment – a Retrospective Analysis in a Porcine Model

Retrospective secondary analysis of an existing porcine dataset (Liu et al. 2020) examining how respiratory loading manoeuvres (inspiratory and expiratory holds) and different volume states modify the components of the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score and their relationship to invasive hemodynamic parameters. The analysis explores the concept of venous-right ventricular coupling. No new animal experiments are performed; only the previously collected data are re-analysed.